SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that
occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918
• a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International
Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period.
• Political and Social Changes
During the Reconstruction period, The Bourbon Triumvirate controlled Ga.
• The Bourbon Triumvirate was the name given to 3 leading GA Democratic politicians (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon) that wanted to Build stronger ties, trade relations with the North and Keep white supremacy alive in the South. Through their leadership the division between blacks and whites grew deeper.
• The Republicans who were in favor of Equal rights for Blacks lost out to the Democrats who were white supremacist.
• After the End of Reconstruction and All states had been Readmitted to the Union, there were still significant changes to be made
• Influential Georgians
• Henry Grady - Managing editor of Atlanta Constitution in 1880; promoted a “New South” in which new Agricultural methods would be used and an industry would be increased greatly; principal planner for the International Cotton Exposition which highlighted Georgia’s new industries.
• Tom Watson – Leader of the Populists Party which fought for the “common man’s” rights against the rich man.He introduce Rural Free Delivery (RFD) which got mail delivered to you even if you lived in the country.
• Rebecca Latimer Felton – leader of social reforms which included the temperance (anti-alcohol), women's suffrage, and equality movements. Helped to end Bourbon Triumvirate
• Atlanta Happenings
• 1906 Atlanta Riot – Due to political and social unrest and distrust, blacks and whites feared each other. Newspapers reported numerous stories of assaults against whites by blacks. Politicians used these incidents to stir up feelings and gain support. On Sept. 22, 1906, Things came to a head. A crowd of 5000 blacks and whites met and fighting broke out. The result was the worst race riot of Ga History. Martial Law was declared for 2 days until tempers cooled down.
• Leo Frank Case – Leo Frank was the superintendent at the National Pencil Factory and was accused of murdering Mary Phagan, a 14 year old factory employee. He was convicted with little evidence and mainly on the testimony of Jim Conley, a black janitor, who was also a suspect. Because there was a dislike of Jews and Frank was a Jew, he was sentenced to death. Ga. Gov. Slaton changed the sentence to “Life Imprisonment.” 25 armed men stormed the Milledgeville Prison, got Frank, drove to Marietta and lynched him in Phagan’s front yard.
• b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence
• Discrimination
• Slavery had ended and the “South” had been Reconstructed but there were still racial tensions and many blacks were not allowed to vote even though they were guaranteed this right by the Constitution.
• Jim Crow Laws were designed to keep blacks and whites separate at public places such as restaurants, bathrooms and even water fountains.
• Plessy v. Ferguson
– Court case in Louisiana about a black man riding on a whites only white train car
– Black man said he was a paying customer and could ride in any car he chose
– Railroad said he could ride only in the car for blacks
– The case went to the Supreme Court which said the Railroad could make blacks and whites ride in different cars as long as the cars were equal. This is known as the “Separate but equal” ruling which set up segregation
• Disfranchisement
Ways to keep Blacks from Voting
• Poll Tax - $ had to be paid in order to vote
• Primary and General Elections
– Had to win smaller general elections in order to run in the Primary (MAIN) election for office
• White Primary
– refers to the fact that most Primary Elections had only White candidates for office.
• Disfranchisement
Ways to keep Blacks from Voting
• Literacy Test- had to pass a test proving you could read and write in order to vote but you could vote if you met one of the requirement listed below
– Exemptions people that displayed good and moral behavior
– Let people vote if they understood the duties and obligations of good citizens
– Allowed you to vote if you owned 40 acres of land or had or $ 500 taxable property
– Grandfather clause (veteran)- if your grandfather fought in the war then you could vote
• Racial violence
• Worse than the other methods of Disfranchisement was the use of violence
• Organizations such as the KKK would stand near polling/voting stations and scare the black community away from voting.
• They would “visit” those that did vote and either threaten, beat, or kill them.
• This, of course, was illegal but it was done under the cover of darkness and in many cases the local authorities did not investigate it much.
• Later, during the organized civil rights movement, the difficulties of the black population would catch the attention of the “North” and steps would be taken to end segregation.
• c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope,
and Alonzo Herndon.
• Influential Georgians
• Booker T. Washington – Founder and president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Outspoken black leader promoting equality of races urging races to work together and change would eventually take place
• W.E.B. Dubois – Author and Professor at Atlanta University that promoted the equality of blacks but wanted radical change, wanted black respect (lived in Albany)
• John and Lugenia Burns Hope – John became first black president of Morehouse College in 1906; close friends with DuBois and shared same views. Wife organized “Neighborhood Union” to help poor and underprivileged
• Alonzo Herndon – former slave who started cutting hair after slavery ended. Began buying property with his $ and later founded what is today the Atlanta Life Insurance Company worth millions of $$$ was one of the wealthiest Atlanta businessmen –black or white
• d. Give reasons for World War I and describe Georgia’s contributions.
• World War I
• August 1914, War broke out in Europe between the Central Powers led by Germany, and Austria Hungary and the Allied Powers led by France, Great Britain, and Russia.
• The United States declared itself neutral and said the war was a European affair and did not involve the United States.
• Many Americans and many Georgians did not agree with that feeling and found ways to join the war.
• Germany had sunk the British Ocean Liner Lusitania in 1915 killing 128 Americans which raised anger against Germany
• President Woodrow Wilson won re-election in 1916 based on the campaign promise to keep the U.S. out of war but in 1917, Germany submarines continued to sink U.S. trade ships carrying Supplies and passengers after Wilson had warned them to stop.
• The U.S.A. declared War in April 1917 after discovering the “Zimmerman Telegram” in which Germany asked Mexico to attack the U.S and for their help they’d get all of SouthWest U.S.
• Georgia and WWI
• Even before the entry of the U.S. into WWI, people were finding a way to help the British and their allies.
• Eugene Jacques Bullard’s grandfather had been a slave and Bullard had heard his father speak of countries where blacks and whites lived together as equals. France was one of those countries so he left Ga, traveled to France and joined their army.He was wounded twice and when found unfit for the army he joined the air force becoming a decorated pilot. When the U.S. entered the War, he offered his services to his home country but he was denied. He remained in France after the War but returned to the U.S. in later years.
• Most black servicemen were thought unfit for battle so they worked on roads, as mechanics and other things. The army was highly segregated into black and white units.
• With bases such as Ft. McPherson, Camp Gordon and Camp Benning, Georgia became an important training site for the army.
November 1918, the War ended with the Allied Victory
occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918
• a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International
Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period.
• Political and Social Changes
During the Reconstruction period, The Bourbon Triumvirate controlled Ga.
• The Bourbon Triumvirate was the name given to 3 leading GA Democratic politicians (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon) that wanted to Build stronger ties, trade relations with the North and Keep white supremacy alive in the South. Through their leadership the division between blacks and whites grew deeper.
• The Republicans who were in favor of Equal rights for Blacks lost out to the Democrats who were white supremacist.
• After the End of Reconstruction and All states had been Readmitted to the Union, there were still significant changes to be made
• Influential Georgians
• Henry Grady - Managing editor of Atlanta Constitution in 1880; promoted a “New South” in which new Agricultural methods would be used and an industry would be increased greatly; principal planner for the International Cotton Exposition which highlighted Georgia’s new industries.
• Tom Watson – Leader of the Populists Party which fought for the “common man’s” rights against the rich man.He introduce Rural Free Delivery (RFD) which got mail delivered to you even if you lived in the country.
• Rebecca Latimer Felton – leader of social reforms which included the temperance (anti-alcohol), women's suffrage, and equality movements. Helped to end Bourbon Triumvirate
• Atlanta Happenings
• 1906 Atlanta Riot – Due to political and social unrest and distrust, blacks and whites feared each other. Newspapers reported numerous stories of assaults against whites by blacks. Politicians used these incidents to stir up feelings and gain support. On Sept. 22, 1906, Things came to a head. A crowd of 5000 blacks and whites met and fighting broke out. The result was the worst race riot of Ga History. Martial Law was declared for 2 days until tempers cooled down.
• Leo Frank Case – Leo Frank was the superintendent at the National Pencil Factory and was accused of murdering Mary Phagan, a 14 year old factory employee. He was convicted with little evidence and mainly on the testimony of Jim Conley, a black janitor, who was also a suspect. Because there was a dislike of Jews and Frank was a Jew, he was sentenced to death. Ga. Gov. Slaton changed the sentence to “Life Imprisonment.” 25 armed men stormed the Milledgeville Prison, got Frank, drove to Marietta and lynched him in Phagan’s front yard.
• b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence
• Discrimination
• Slavery had ended and the “South” had been Reconstructed but there were still racial tensions and many blacks were not allowed to vote even though they were guaranteed this right by the Constitution.
• Jim Crow Laws were designed to keep blacks and whites separate at public places such as restaurants, bathrooms and even water fountains.
• Plessy v. Ferguson
– Court case in Louisiana about a black man riding on a whites only white train car
– Black man said he was a paying customer and could ride in any car he chose
– Railroad said he could ride only in the car for blacks
– The case went to the Supreme Court which said the Railroad could make blacks and whites ride in different cars as long as the cars were equal. This is known as the “Separate but equal” ruling which set up segregation
• Disfranchisement
Ways to keep Blacks from Voting
• Poll Tax - $ had to be paid in order to vote
• Primary and General Elections
– Had to win smaller general elections in order to run in the Primary (MAIN) election for office
• White Primary
– refers to the fact that most Primary Elections had only White candidates for office.
• Disfranchisement
Ways to keep Blacks from Voting
• Literacy Test- had to pass a test proving you could read and write in order to vote but you could vote if you met one of the requirement listed below
– Exemptions people that displayed good and moral behavior
– Let people vote if they understood the duties and obligations of good citizens
– Allowed you to vote if you owned 40 acres of land or had or $ 500 taxable property
– Grandfather clause (veteran)- if your grandfather fought in the war then you could vote
• Racial violence
• Worse than the other methods of Disfranchisement was the use of violence
• Organizations such as the KKK would stand near polling/voting stations and scare the black community away from voting.
• They would “visit” those that did vote and either threaten, beat, or kill them.
• This, of course, was illegal but it was done under the cover of darkness and in many cases the local authorities did not investigate it much.
• Later, during the organized civil rights movement, the difficulties of the black population would catch the attention of the “North” and steps would be taken to end segregation.
• c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope,
and Alonzo Herndon.
• Influential Georgians
• Booker T. Washington – Founder and president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Outspoken black leader promoting equality of races urging races to work together and change would eventually take place
• W.E.B. Dubois – Author and Professor at Atlanta University that promoted the equality of blacks but wanted radical change, wanted black respect (lived in Albany)
• John and Lugenia Burns Hope – John became first black president of Morehouse College in 1906; close friends with DuBois and shared same views. Wife organized “Neighborhood Union” to help poor and underprivileged
• Alonzo Herndon – former slave who started cutting hair after slavery ended. Began buying property with his $ and later founded what is today the Atlanta Life Insurance Company worth millions of $$$ was one of the wealthiest Atlanta businessmen –black or white
• d. Give reasons for World War I and describe Georgia’s contributions.
• World War I
• August 1914, War broke out in Europe between the Central Powers led by Germany, and Austria Hungary and the Allied Powers led by France, Great Britain, and Russia.
• The United States declared itself neutral and said the war was a European affair and did not involve the United States.
• Many Americans and many Georgians did not agree with that feeling and found ways to join the war.
• Germany had sunk the British Ocean Liner Lusitania in 1915 killing 128 Americans which raised anger against Germany
• President Woodrow Wilson won re-election in 1916 based on the campaign promise to keep the U.S. out of war but in 1917, Germany submarines continued to sink U.S. trade ships carrying Supplies and passengers after Wilson had warned them to stop.
• The U.S.A. declared War in April 1917 after discovering the “Zimmerman Telegram” in which Germany asked Mexico to attack the U.S and for their help they’d get all of SouthWest U.S.
• Georgia and WWI
• Even before the entry of the U.S. into WWI, people were finding a way to help the British and their allies.
• Eugene Jacques Bullard’s grandfather had been a slave and Bullard had heard his father speak of countries where blacks and whites lived together as equals. France was one of those countries so he left Ga, traveled to France and joined their army.He was wounded twice and when found unfit for the army he joined the air force becoming a decorated pilot. When the U.S. entered the War, he offered his services to his home country but he was denied. He remained in France after the War but returned to the U.S. in later years.
• Most black servicemen were thought unfit for battle so they worked on roads, as mechanics and other things. The army was highly segregated into black and white units.
• With bases such as Ft. McPherson, Camp Gordon and Camp Benning, Georgia became an important training site for the army.
November 1918, the War ended with the Allied Victory
